Vincent, M. Cohen, S. Chang, M. Borg, S. Evans, D. Roder, K. No results found. Please search again. Prostate cancer is more common as men age, in the US 97 per cent of all prostate cancers are diagnosed in men 50 years or older.
Incidence rates of prostate cancer vary by more than fold in different parts of the world; the highest rates are in Australia and New Zealand, Northern and Western Europe and North America. A proportion of the variation in incidence rates can be explained by differences in screening practices, notably screening for prostate-specific antigen PSA.
Early prostate cancer detected by screening usually has no symptoms. With more advanced disease men may experience weak or interrupted urine flow; the inability to urinate or difficulty starting or stopping urine flow; the need to urinate frequently, especially at night; blood in the urine; or pain or burning with urination, but these symptoms may also be due to a common condition called benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Prostate cancer that has spread often presents as bone pain. The five- and ten-year survival is high in Europe and North America, but lower in some Asian and African countries. Find the latest prostate cancer statistics. The disease usually develops slowly and dysplastic lesions may precede cancer by many years or even decades. The prevalence of latent prostate cancer at autopsy is high and increases with age.
Overt and clinically relevant disease is less common. The introduction of PSA screening has contributed to the detection of cancer at an earlier stage. Although this likely contributes to a reduction in mortality, because a significant number of indolent lesions that might never progress to become clinically overt are also detected, many of which are treated, it also leads to the phenomenon of over treatment. Adenocarcinoma of the prostate is thought to arise primarily from an in situ proliferation of neoplastic prostatic epithelial cells.
Metastasis of prostatic adenocarcinoma is mainly to the lymph nodes and to bone. Non-modifiable risk factors are age, race and familial history. Elevated blood concentrations of insulin-like growth factor IGF -1 have been implicated as a potentially modifiable risk factor. Other modifiable risk factors have been suggested but the evidence has been inconsistent.
Genetic susceptibility has been linked to African heritage and familial disease. In the US, African American men are 1. A large number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms that modestly affect risk have also been identified. Full references and a summary of the mechanisms underpinning all the findings can be found in the prostate cancer report.
Background: Prostate cancer PCa is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in men in industrialized countries. There is no commonly accepted prostate cancer screening strategy.
Objective: Based on the positive results of retrospective cohort analyses, the PROBASE study is designed to demonstrate that a screening strategy based on risk stratification by a baseline prostate-specific antigen PSA level at age 45 or 50 years may be an alternative to population-based screening. Materials and methods: There are basically several approaches to improve the population-based screening of PCa.
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